A recent study by the Ministry of Finance has found that last year’s Gen-Z protests were driven by deep-rooted structural problems rather than momentary anger. The report links the youth-led movement to long-standing issues such as weak governance, unemployment, inequality and corruption.
The protests, which took place in Bhadra, reflected growing frustration among young people over limited economic opportunities and declining trust in political leadership. The study places Nepal’s movement within a wider global trend, noting that Gen-Z protests are often decentralised, digitally driven and shaped by informal networks rather than traditional political structures.
Digital platforms played a central role in mobilising participants. Online campaigns, hashtags and even meme culture helped bring together students, unemployed youth and workers from informal sectors. The report highlights that most participants were educated, with the majority aged between 16 and 25.
Economic concerns emerged as a key trigger. Many young people face low incomes, limited job prospects and increasing pressure to seek employment abroad. The study also points to a disconnect between education and the labour market, leaving graduates without suitable opportunities.
Governance issues further fuelled dissatisfaction. Participants reported frustration with slow bureaucracy, weak service delivery and a lack of transparency in public institutions. Corruption was identified as a systemic problem, with oversight bodies seen as politically influenced.
The protests also highlighted concerns around digital freedom, which many young people now view as a fundamental right.
Despite causing economic disruption, the movement increased political awareness and pushed for greater accountability. The report recommends reforms in governance, education and public service delivery, along with policies to reduce inequality and expand opportunities for youth.
It concludes that rebuilding trust will require sustained institutional change, warning that without reforms, youth dissatisfaction is likely to continue growing.